A double mystery
Nabbed a pair Jacob Armiger '10 holds a pair of rusty blackbirds, male (left) and female fresh out of a mist net. The bright yellow eye is a distinguishing field mark on an otherwise nondescript bird. Photo courtesy of the Institute for Integrative Bird Behavior Studies
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Rusty blackbirds are threatened across their range--except on the William & Mary campus
For all its lack of traditional avian aesthetics, Euphagus carolinus is a creature of interest, even mystery, within professional ornithological circles. The continent’s population of once-common rusty blackbirds has declined by as much as 90 percent over the past few decades.
“No one can tell you why,” said Dan Cristol, professor of biology at William & Mary. “It’s the most dramatic decline of any northern bird, the most dramatic decline of any really common bird—and it’s the most mysterious decline.”
Cristol is leading a faculty-student team of ornithologists who have put together a clue or two in the double mystery of the rusty blackbirds. It’s a double mystery in that while the birds seem to be in decline all across their range, a flock wintering each year on the campus of William & Mary seems to be doing just fine.
An undergrad at the core
Student-faculty research teams are common at William & Mary, but most often the professor initiates the project. The blackbird group grew around an undergraduate, Jacob Armiger ’10.
“Jacob came to me as a freshman,” Cristol said. “He told me that he loved birds and wanted to study birds.”
Cristol gave Armiger some articles on various unsolved ornithological problems to help him decide on a topic. He came back and told Cristol that he wanted to take on the case of the missing rusty blackbirds. Any conversation with Cristol is punctuated by galvanic jerks of his head whenever a bird enters his field of vision, so of course he knew about the wintering rusties on campus.
“Very few people know they’re here, even though you see them over by the sundial in front of Swem library” Cristol said. “Students going between classes step on the acorns of the willow oaks that grow over there and the birds love it. They swoop down and pig out on the cracked acorns once the next class period starts. Our students are helping a threatened species and they don’t even know it.”
Cristol arranged for Armiger to spend a break apprenticing in the Midwest with the International Rusty Blackbird Technical Working Group to get some experience working with the birds, a species that offers challenges to even seasoned bird scientists.
“They are very neophobic. They don’t like new things. They’re skittish and that means that they’re not going to adapt quickly to changes,” Cristol said. “You put a leg band on them and they sit there pecking at it for two hours and they might get eaten by a hawk during that time. If anything unusual happens, they might get eaten by a hawk, because they just don’t respond that well to change.”The neophobia of the birds makes them hard to catch. After Armiger returned from the international group, Cristol set him to work with the campus flock: “Just follow the birds around campus. Come up with questions and find out how to catch them. Because whatever we do with these birds, first we’re going to have to catch them.”
Armiger spent months following rusty blackbirds around campus, learning their daily habits. Even though the birds are seen around the sundial, he found that a much better bet was the low, wet wooded area downstream of Crim Dell, between Landrum Drive and the Lodges.
“We usually find them in the forest-y areas. It is best to find them at early morning or sunset,” Armiger said. “They don’t really like the sun shining on them or the wind. It’s the same with an open-area habitat versus being in a closed habitat. They’d rather have some things around them.”
Put the nets right here
After getting to know the birds, Armiger took Cristol to a spot in the campus wildflower preserve, pointed, and said “Put the nets right here.” Cristol was skeptical.
“I thought I was going to have to go out there and help him more,” Cristol said. “But where he placed the nets, he caught the birds. That’s an accomplishment in itself because they’re such unusual birds.”
The blackbird project began in earnest the following year when Andy McGann arrived at William & Mary to begin a master’s program in biology. McGann was interested in rusties as well, and began working with Cristol and Armiger. McGann and Armiger have separate, but overlapping, research projects. Armiger worked on the more general question of why the birds are on campus. McGann focused on the birds’ diet, drawing blood for analysis of stable isotopes that will reveal what the birds have been eating.
Armiger and McGann settled into a winter routine of field work, trying to catch and process as many rusty blackbirds as possible before the flock migrates north around the second week of April. Ornithological fieldwork usually involves a considerable drive in a car, followed by several trips schlepping equipment from the car to where the birds are. This past winter, Armiger and McGann just had to make sure they had a good spot in the faculty lot at Landrum Drive and Ukrop Way, not a problem when you have to have the nets and the banding table set up by dawn. On promising days, they set up in the late afternoon as well as the morning.“To catch them, we are using a series of mist nets, which are kind of like a volleyball net with a pole on either end and trammel lines that go horizontally through the mesh, which is really fine and hard to see,” Armiger explained. “So you have these pockets that the birds fly into and they get tangled up.”
At first glance, their parking lot setup looks as if McGann and Armiger are tailgating before a football game or camped out to buy concert tickets. They sit in collapsible chairs near a card table that holds a tackle box of banding equipment, rather than a pre-game spread. They watch their mist nets with the attitude of relaxed expectancy of fishermen who expect a bite any second now.
A waiting game
Mist-netting action is never fast and furious; when you’re after rusty blackbirds a good day means catching a few birds. Watching their nets one February afternoon, Armiger points out a lurking red-shouldered hawk. “She’ll scare off any blackbirds that might happen to be around,” he says with professional resignation. McGann reminisces about their biggest day of the year: they netted eight birds. There is some bycatch as well—wrens, robins, redwing blackbirds. They band the male redwings. When they see a bird in the net, they go into action, making their way down the usually slippery, often muddy slope of the gully.“Once you get a bird, you take it out and put it in a drawstring bag,” Armiger said. “You bring it up here, and there is a little protocol that we run through where Andy takes a bunch of biometrics—measurements, basically: Wing length, tail length, length of their tarsus (lower leg bone), bill measurements. We also band it with the federal aluminum band with the serial number. Then we put a unique combination of colored plastic bands on it so we can identify the individual from a distance. Then, blood samples.”
The first two years of blood samples are being analyzed for ratios of stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur that occur naturally in the food. Corn is a C4 plant, while oak trees are C3, McGann explained, referring to two different photosynthetic pathways, so the relative presence of these isotopes of carbon in a bird’s blood is a good indicator of what it has been eating.
Isotope analysis will shed light on another diet-related factor, as well. Rusty blackbirds have a varied diet and males may have different food preferences from the females. One intriguing preliminary finding is in the gender makeup of the campus flock, which is three-quarters male. As Cristol points out, “A population will go down very fast if the females are disappearing.”
The ornithologists said there are several possible reasons for the predominantly male campus flock. Cristol said the females could be “getting hammered” on the nest by boreal forest predators or perhaps there’s a problem with the preferred diet of the females. McGann has his own ideas.
“It’s likely that this is a species that exhibits a differential pattern of migration, where females go further south than males,” he said. “We are on the northern end of their wintering range, so that makes sense for what these guys are doing. Right now, no one has really published anything saying for sure that they are differential migrants.”
A pleasure to band
Though a challenge to catch, a rusty blackbird in the hand is no trouble at all. “They don’t bite very hard. I’ve worked with small species of owls and they have much stronger beaks,” McGann said. “I would say that these are even easier to work with than chickadees or titmice. They are just a nice, convenient size to have in hand.”
The birds don’t bite hard because the rusty blackbird’s jaw muscles are weak, compared to other similar-sized birds, he explained. Cristol says the weak jaw muscles explain the rusties’ fondness for the smaller willow oak acorns, especially if they’re pre-cracked by student’s feet.
The acorn-cracking foot traffic doesn’t fully explain why the wintering rusty blackbirds thrive on campus. For one thing, Cristol points out that the acorns are only available in mast years—years in which the oaks bear heavily—and they’re only available for a few weeks of the wintering period. “This highly disturbed, modified habitat” of our college campus offers no apparent advantages for wintering rusty blackbirds beyond a few weeks of crunched acorns, he said. And yet, the blackbirds come back. McGann said this year’s campus flock of around 200 was larger than most of those reported by birders throughout Virginia.
Through the International Rusty Blackbird Technical Working Group, William & Mary’s blackbirders have been sharing their data with ten or so other groups across the U.S. and Canada. The three worked on what Cristol calls a “side project,” testing the birds for mercury. Cristol, McGann and Armiger are co-authors—with other blackbird researchers—on a paper to be published in an upcoming issue of the ornithological journal Condor. Though a few of the campus birds had high mercury levels, Cristol said the mercury was in the bird’s feathers, indicating that it had been ingested a while ago on their breeding grounds.
“They’re not getting mercury from their diet down here,” Cristol said. “Our paper shows that across the country, the birds as a whole do not have high mercury, except for the population in northern New England and Maritime Canada.”
Eliminating some suspects
The double-barreled rusty blackbird mystery is far from solved. Armiger will continue studying birds in grad school at Villanova. Cristol and McGann await results from the lab on the stable isotopes. Other undergrads have helped out with the rusties and one may take over Armiger’s study next winter. Still, some suspects have been eliminated.
Mercury was a prime suspect, but the recent paper shows that contamination is unlikely to be a major element in the birds’ decline, but it could be one of a number of causative factors. Disease has been crossed off the list, as have blackbird-control programs run by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Cristol said the decline of the rusties began decades ago, when government-sponsored exterminations of mixed blackbird roosts were going on, but those indiscriminate programs ended long ago and there are no mass killings of rusty blackbirds today.
“I suspect that what we’re going to find is a perfect storm, and not a smoking gun,” Cristol said. “A smoking gun would be a virus that only affects these birds, but no one has found such a thing.”
Elements of the storm could include predation by hawks, as Cristol notes that hawk numbers—particularly bird-hungry Cooper’s hawks—have increased dramatically over the years. (There’s even a pair nesting in a beech tree by the Sunken Garden.) The destruction of wetlands likely plays a part, as do mercury and other contaminants and competition with other bird species, he said.
“Part of this complex combination is going to be the very nature of this bird, their personality if you will,” Cristol said. “Because they’re really, really strange birds.”
