A. With the exception of Legal Skills, first-year grades are wholly based on the results of examinations.

B. In calculating a final grade for a student in any second- or third-year course, faculty members may include classroom participation, which may include class attendance, in the grade and may use any reasonable method for doing so. When participation is to be graded in a given course, the faculty member must advise the students in the course, in writing during the first week of class, of that fact and of the details of the system to be employed. Faculty members shall ensure that any grades for participation are combined with grades for exams and/or papers by a process that is consistent with the policies underlying the anonymity requirement for grading.

C. Grading policies in seminars and courses which are specifically designed for the LL.M. curriculum are determined by the instructors concerned. Grading policies in these courses, however, must be announced prior to the end of the Add/Drop period, preferably in writing.

D. Examination papers are identified only by number and not by the name of the student. Grades earned are "A+" (4.3) "A" (4.0), "A-" (3.7) "B+" (3.3), "B" (3.0), "B-" (2.7), "C+" (2.3), "C" (2.0), "C-" (1.7), "D" (1.0) and "F" (0 quality points and no credit).

E. The Law School has a mandatory grade curve for classes of thirty or more students. The faculty's resolution, passed on December 4, 2001, reads as follows:

Each faculty member must adhere to the following grade cuve in all classes with at least thirty students unless an exception is granted by the Vice Dean for good cause:

A+/A/A- 15-25%

B+/B/B- 60-75% (B+: 25-35%; B: 20-30%; B-: 10-20%)

C+ or lower 5-15%

In calculating percentages within the B range, faculty should take the percentage of the whole class, not of the total percentage allowed in the B range. Faculty grading class participation in a course with at least 30 students need to be able to meet the mandatory curve after class participation grades are considered.

Faculty may assign, in classes of 30 or more students, one "A+" grade.  This grade will have a value of 4.3.